better projection, transparency; 4d camera, controls r/f for +/-w

flake.nix

@@ -11,11 +11,17 @@
     pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.${system};
   in {
     packages.${system} = {
-      default = pkgs.haskellPackages.callCabal2nix "hs-game" ./. {};
+      default =
+        pkgs.haskell.packages.ghc912.callCabal2nix "hs-game" ./. {
+        };
     };
     devShells.${system} = {
       default = pkgs.mkShell {
         packages = [
+          # dev stuff
+          pkgs.haskellPackages.ghcide
+          pkgs.haskellPackages.ormolu
+
           pkgs.cabal-install
           pkgs.libGL
           pkgs.xorg.libX11

hs-game.cabal

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 cabal-version:      3.0
 name:               hs-game
-version:            0.4.0
+version:            0.5.0
 -- synopsis:
 -- description:
 homepage:           https://git.mtgmonkey.net/Andromeda/hs-game

src/Game/Internal.hs

@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE DisambiguateRecordFields, NamedFieldPuns, OverloadedRecordDot #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE DisambiguateRecordFields #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE MultilineStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedRecordDot #-}
 
-{- |
+-- |
- - Module      : Game.Internal
+-- - Module      : Game.Internal
- - Description : internal functions
+-- - Description : internal functions
- - Copyright   : 2025 Andromeda
+-- - Copyright   : 2025 Andromeda
- - License     : BSD 3-clause
+-- - License     : BSD 3-clause
- - Maintainer  : Matrix @Andromeda:tchncs.de
+-- - Maintainer  : Matrix @Andromeda:tchncs.de
- - Stability   : Experimental
+-- - Stability   : Experimental
- -}
 module Game.Internal
-  ( cursorPosHandler
+  ( cursorPosHandler,
-  , drawObjects
+    drawObjects,
-  , initResources
+    initResources,
-  , keyPressed
+    keyPressed,
-  , loop
+    loop,
-  , resizeWindow
+    resizeWindow,
-  , shutdownWindow
+    shutdownWindow,
-  , updateCursorPos
+    updateCursorPos,
-  , updateKeyPressed
+    updateKeyPressed,
-  , updateKeyReleased
+    updateKeyReleased,
-  ) where
+  )
-
+where
-import Game.Internal.LoadShaders
-import Game.Internal.Types
 
 import Control.Concurrent (threadDelay)
 import Control.Monad (when)
@@ -32,29 +32,35 @@ import Foreign.Marshal.Array (withArray)
 import Foreign.Ptr (nullPtr, plusPtr)
 import Foreign.Storable (Storable, sizeOf)
 import GHC.Float (double2Float)
-
+import Game.Internal.LoadShaders
-import qualified Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL as GL
+import Game.Internal.Types
 import Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL (($=))
+import qualified Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL as GL
 import qualified Graphics.UI.GLFW as GLFW
-
+import Linear (V3 (..), V4 (..))
-import Linear (V3(..))
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- Shader creation and object initialisation
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- | loads models, shaders
+
-initResources :: [[V3 GL.GLfloat]] -> IO ([Object], GL.Program)
+initResources :: [V4 GL.GLfloat] -> IO (Object, GL.Program)
-initResources arrays = do
+initResources arr = do
-  -- create objects
+  object <-
-  objects <- listIOsToIOlist [ createObject arr 3 GL.TriangleStrip | arr <- arrays ] []
+    createObject arr 4 GL.Triangles (GL.AttribLocation 0)
-  -- load shaders
+
+  -- compile shader program
   program <-
     loadShaders
-      [ ShaderInfo GL.VertexShader (StringSource vertShader)
+      [ ShaderInfo GL.VertexShader (StringSource vertShader),
-      , ShaderInfo GL.FragmentShader (StringSource fragShader)
+        ShaderInfo GL.FragmentShader (StringSource fragShader)
       ]
   GL.currentProgram $= Just program
-  return (objects, program)
+
+  -- alpha
+  GL.blend $= GL.Enabled
+  GL.blendFunc $= (GL.SrcAlpha, GL.OneMinusSrcAlpha)
+
+  return (object, program)
 
 listIOsToIOlist :: [IO a] -> [a] -> IO [a]
 listIOsToIOlist [] out = return out
@@ -66,34 +72,89 @@ listIOsToIOlist (io:ios) out = do
 -- v_ varying
 -- u_ uniform
 -- o_ fragment shader output
--- | vertex shader
+
 vertShader :: String
 vertShader =
-  "#version 330 core\n"
+  """
-    ++ "layout (location = 0) in vec3 a_vPos;\n"
+  #version 330 core
-    ++ "uniform mat4 u_view;\n"
+
-    ++ "uniform mat4 u_projection;\n"
+  layout (location = 0) in vec4 a_vPos;
-    ++ "out vec3 v_pos;\n"
+
-    ++ "void main()\n"
+  uniform mat4 u_view;
-    ++ "{\n"
+  uniform mat4 u_projection;
-    ++ "  gl_Position = u_projection * u_view * vec4(a_vPos.xyz, 1.0);\n"
+  uniform vec4 u_cam;
-    ++ "  v_pos = a_vPos;\n"
+
-    ++ "}"
+  out vec3 v_pos;
+  out float v_w;
+  out float v_alpha;
+
+  vec3 orthoFrom4d(vec4 point)
+  {
+    return point.xyz;
+  }
+
+  // creates a simple 3d coordinate from a 4d
+  vec3 projectFrom4d(vec4 point)
+  {
+    // TODO don't do camera ops in shader, prefer linear algebra
+    // also use a reasonable projection for god's sake
+    vec4 view = abs(u_cam - point);
+    float perspective = 1.0 / abs(u_cam.w - view.w);
+
+    return perspective * (point.xyz);
+  }
+
+  void main()
+  {
+    vec3 vPos = orthoFrom4d(a_vPos);
+
+    // TODO don't set constant inside of shader :/
+    float wHorizon = 3;
+    float alpha = (wHorizon - abs(u_cam.w - a_vPos.w)) / wHorizon;
+
+    // cull invisible things
+    if (alpha < -1) {
+      gl_Position = vec4(0.0);
+      alpha = 0.0;
+    } else {
+      alpha = max(alpha, 0.0);
+      gl_Position = u_projection * u_view * vec4(vPos, 1.0);
+    }
+
+    v_pos = vPos;
+    v_w = a_vPos.w;
+    v_alpha = alpha;
+  }
+  """
 
--- | fragment shader
 fragShader :: String
 fragShader =
-  "#version 330 core\n"
+  """
-    ++ "out vec4 o_vColor;\n"
+  #version 330 core
-    ++ "in vec3 v_pos;\n"
+
-    ++ "void main()\n"
+  uniform vec4 u_cam;
-    ++ "{\n"
+
-    ++ "  o_vColor = vec4(0.5 + 0.5 * normalize(v_pos), 1);\n"
+  out vec4 o_vColor;
-    ++ "}"
+
+  in vec3 v_pos;
+  in float v_w;
+  in float v_alpha;
+
+  void main()
+  {
+    // the normal vector of the face
+    // yoinked from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14980712/how-to-get-flat-normals-on-a-cube/14981446#14981446
+    vec3 norm = normalize(cross(dFdx(v_pos), dFdy(v_pos)));
+
+    // creates a color based on the normal direction
+    o_vColor = vec4((0.5 + 0.5 * norm) / 2, v_alpha);
+  }
+  """
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- Objects
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 -- | calculates the size in memory of an array
 sizeOfArray :: (Storable a, Num b) => [a] -> b
 sizeOfArray [] = 0
@@ -101,11 +162,11 @@ sizeOfArray (x:xs) = fromIntegral $ (*) (1 + length xs) $ sizeOf x
 
 -- | loads a given array into a given attribute index
 createVBO ::
-     Storable (a GL.GLfloat)
+  (Storable (a GL.GLfloat)) =>
-  => [a GL.GLfloat]
+  [a GL.GLfloat] ->
-  -> GL.NumComponents
+  GL.NumComponents ->
-  -> GL.AttribLocation
+  GL.AttribLocation ->
-  -> IO GL.BufferObject
+  IO GL.BufferObject
 createVBO array numComponents attribLocation = do
   -- vbo for buffer
   buffer <- GL.genObjectName
@@ -115,37 +176,45 @@ createVBO array numComponents attribLocation = do
     GL.bufferData GL.ArrayBuffer $= (sizeOfArray array, ptr, GL.StaticDraw)
   -- create attribute pointer to buffer
   GL.vertexAttribPointer attribLocation
-    $= ( GL.ToFloat
+    $= ( GL.ToFloat,
-       , GL.VertexArrayDescriptor numComponents GL.Float 0 (plusPtr nullPtr 0))
+         GL.VertexArrayDescriptor numComponents GL.Float 0 (plusPtr nullPtr 0)
+       )
   GL.vertexAttribArray attribLocation $= GL.Enabled
   return buffer
 
 -- | creates an object from a given array; deals with vbos and everything
 createObject ::
-     Storable (a GL.GLfloat)
+  (Storable (a GL.GLfloat)) =>
-  => [a GL.GLfloat]
+  [a GL.GLfloat] ->
-  -> GL.NumComponents
+  GL.NumComponents ->
-  -> GL.PrimitiveMode
+  GL.PrimitiveMode ->
-  -> IO Object
+  GL.AttribLocation ->
-createObject array numComponents primitiveMode = do
+  IO Object
+createObject array numComponents primitiveMode attrLocation = do
   -- vao for object
   vao <- GL.genObjectName
   GL.bindVertexArrayObject $= Just vao
   -- vbo for vertices
-  _ <- createVBO array numComponents $ GL.AttribLocation 0
+  _ <- createVBO array numComponents attrLocation
   return (Object vao (fromIntegral $ length array) numComponents primitiveMode)
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- Elm-like data structures
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 -- | gameloop
 loop ::
-     GLFW.Window -- ^ window to display on
+  -- | window to display on
-  -> Float -- ^ dt
+  GLFW.Window ->
-  -> (Float -> Model -> Model) -- ^ update function
+  -- | dt
-  -> (GLFW.Window -> Model -> IO ()) -- ^ view function
+  Float ->
-  -> IORef Model -- ^ model
+  -- | update function
-  -> IO ()
+  (Float -> Model -> Model) ->
+  -- | view function
+  (GLFW.Window -> Model -> IO ()) ->
+  -- | model
+  IORef Model ->
+  IO ()
 loop window dt update view modelRef = do
   -- start frame timer
   Just frameStart <- GLFW.getTime
@@ -183,9 +252,10 @@ updateCursorPos x y model =
         (((fst model.cursorPos) - x) ** 2 + ((snd model.cursorPos) - y) ** 2)
           ** 0.5
    in if pyth < 16
-        then model
+        then
-               { cursorPos = (x, y)
+          model
-               , cursorDeltaPos = applyToTuples (-) model.cursorPos (x, y)
+            { cursorPos = (x, y),
+              cursorDeltaPos = applyToTuples (-) model.cursorPos (x, y)
             }
         else model {cursorPos = (x, y)}
 
@@ -200,6 +270,7 @@ drawObjects ((Object vao numVertices _ primitiveMode):objects) = do
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- interrupts
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 -- | shuts down GLFW
 shutdownWindow :: GLFW.WindowCloseCallback
 shutdownWindow window = do

src/Game/Internal/LoadShaders.hs

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 -- |
 -- Module      :  LoadShaders
 -- Copyright   :  (c) Sven Panne 2013
@@ -10,13 +13,12 @@
 --
 -- Utilities for shader handling, adapted from LoadShaders.cpp which is (c) The
 -- Red Book Authors.
---
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 module Game.Internal.LoadShaders
-  ( ShaderSource(..)
+  ( ShaderSource (..),
-  , ShaderInfo(..)
+    ShaderInfo (..),
-  , loadShaders
+    loadShaders,
-  ) where
+  )
+where
 
 import Control.Exception
 import Control.Monad
@@ -24,14 +26,15 @@ import qualified Data.ByteString as B
 import Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 -- | The source of the shader source code.
 data ShaderSource
-  = ByteStringSource B.ByteString
+  = -- | The shader source code is directly given as a 'B.ByteString'.
-     -- ^ The shader source code is directly given as a 'B.ByteString'.
+    ByteStringSource B.ByteString
-  | StringSource String
+  | -- | The shader source code is directly given as a 'String'.
-     -- ^ The shader source code is directly given as a 'String'.
+    StringSource String
-  | FileSource FilePath
+  | -- | The shader source code is located in the file at the given 'FilePath'.
-     -- ^ The shader source code is located in the file at the given 'FilePath'.
+    FileSource FilePath
   deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)
 
 getSource :: ShaderSource -> IO B.ByteString
@@ -40,12 +43,14 @@ getSource (StringSource str) = return $ packUtf8 str
 getSource (FileSource path) = B.readFile path
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 -- | A description of a shader: The type of the shader plus its source code.
-data ShaderInfo =
+data ShaderInfo
-  ShaderInfo ShaderType ShaderSource
+  = ShaderInfo ShaderType ShaderSource
   deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 -- | Create a new program object from the given shaders, throwing an
 -- 'IOException' if something goes wrong.
 loadShaders :: [ShaderInfo] -> IO Program
@@ -72,12 +77,12 @@ compileAndCheck :: Shader -> IO ()
 compileAndCheck = checked compileShader compileStatus shaderInfoLog "compile"
 
 checked ::
-     (t -> IO ())
+  (t -> IO ()) ->
-  -> (t -> GettableStateVar Bool)
+  (t -> GettableStateVar Bool) ->
-  -> (t -> GettableStateVar String)
+  (t -> GettableStateVar String) ->
-  -> String
+  String ->
-  -> t
+  t ->
-  -> IO ()
+  IO ()
 checked action getStatus getInfoLog message object = do
   action object
   ok <- get (getStatus object)

src/Game/Internal/Types.hs

@@ -1,69 +1,79 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns, OverloadedRecordDot #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedRecordDot #-}
 
-{- |
+-- |
- - Module      : Game.Internal.Types
+-- - Module      : Game.Internal.Types
- - Description : 
+-- - Description :
- - Copyright   : 2025 Andromeda
+-- - Copyright   : 2025 Andromeda
- - License     : BSD 3-clause
+-- - License     : BSD 3-clause
- - Maintainer  : Matrix @Andromeda:tchncs.de
+-- - Maintainer  : Matrix @Andromeda:tchncs.de
- - Stability   : Experimental
+-- - Stability   : Experimental
- -}
 module Game.Internal.Types
-  ( Object(..)
+  ( Object (..),
-  , toGLMatrix
+    toGLMatrix,
-  , Model(camera, objects, cursorDeltaPos, cursorPos, program, keys, wprop)
+    Model (camera, objects, cursorDeltaPos, cursorPos, keys, program, wprop),
-  , mkModel
+    mkModel,
-  , Camera(camPos, camPitch, camYaw, camReference, mouseSensitivity, camVel, strafeStrength, jumpStrength, hasJumped, airTime)
+    Camera (camPos, camPitch, camYaw, camReference, mouseSensitivity, camVel, strafeStrength, jumpStrength, hasJumped, airTime),
-  , mkCamera
+    mkCamera,
-  , WorldProperties(g, friction, up)
+    WorldProperties (g, friction, up),
-  , mkWorldProperties
+    mkWorldProperties,
-  ) where
+  )
+where
 
 import qualified Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL as GL
 import qualified Graphics.UI.GLFW as GLFW
-
+import Linear (V3 (..), V4 (..))
 import qualified Linear as L
-import Linear (V3, V3(..), V4(..))
 
 -- | represents a single draw call
 data Object = Object
-  { vao :: GL.VertexArrayObject -- ^ vao of vertex buffer
+  { -- | vao of vertex buffer
-  , numIndicies :: GL.NumArrayIndices -- ^ number of vertices
+    vao :: GL.VertexArrayObject,
-  , numComponents :: GL.NumComponents -- ^ dimensionallity; vec3, vec4, etc.
+    -- | number of vertices
-  , primitiveMode :: GL.PrimitiveMode -- ^ primitive mode to be drawn with
+    numIndicies :: GL.NumArrayIndices,
-  } deriving (Show)
+    -- | dimensionallity; vec3, vec4, etc.
+    numComponents :: GL.NumComponents,
+    -- | primitive mode to be drawn with
+    primitiveMode :: GL.PrimitiveMode
+  }
+  deriving (Show)
 
 -- | converts M44 to a 16array for OpenGL
 toGLMatrix :: L.M44 GL.GLfloat -> [GL.GLfloat]
 toGLMatrix (V4 (V4 c00 c01 c02 c03) (V4 c10 c11 c12 c13) (V4 c20 c21 c22 c23) (V4 c30 c31 c32 c33)) =
-  [ c00
+  [ c00,
-  , c01
+    c01,
-  , c02
+    c02,
-  , c03
+    c03,
-  , c10
+    c10,
-  , c11
+    c11,
-  , c12
+    c12,
-  , c13
+    c13,
-  , c20
+    c20,
-  , c21
+    c21,
-  , c22
+    c22,
-  , c23
+    c23,
-  , c30
+    c30,
-  , c31
+    c31,
-  , c32
+    c32,
-  , c33
+    c33
   ]
 
 -- | gamestate
 data Model = Model
-  { camera :: Camera
+  { camera :: Camera,
-  , cursorDeltaPos :: (Double, Double) -- ^ frame-on-frame delta mouse position
+    -- | frame-on-frame delta mouse position
-  , cursorPos :: (Double, Double) -- ^ current mouse position
+    cursorDeltaPos :: (Double, Double),
-  , keys :: [GLFW.Key] -- ^ currently pressed keys
+    -- | current mouse position
-  , objects :: [Object] -- ^ draw calls
+    cursorPos :: (Double, Double),
-  , program :: GL.Program -- ^ shader program
+    -- | currently pressed keys
-  , wprop :: WorldProperties
+    keys :: [GLFW.Key],
-  } deriving (Show)
+    -- | draw calls
+    objects :: [Object],
+    program :: GL.Program,
+    wprop :: WorldProperties
+  }
+  deriving (Show)
 
 -- | smart constructor for Model
 mkModel :: Camera -> [Object] -> GL.Program -> WorldProperties -> Model
@@ -72,29 +82,40 @@ mkModel camera objects program wprop =
 
 -- | camera
 data Camera = Camera
-  { camPos :: V3 Float -- ^ position in world space
+  { -- | position in world space
-  , camPitch :: Float -- ^ pitch in radians, up positive
+    camPos :: V4 Float,
-  , camYaw :: Float -- ^ yaw in radians, right positive
+    -- | pitch in radians, up positive
-  , camReference :: V3 Float -- ^ reference direction; orientation applied to
+    camPitch :: Float,
-  , camVel :: V3 Float -- ^ velocity in world space
+    -- | yaw in radians, right positive
-  , mouseSensitivity :: Float -- ^ scale factor for mouse movement
+    camYaw :: Float,
-  , strafeStrength :: Float -- ^ scale factor for strafe
+    -- | reference direction; orientation applied to
-  , jumpStrength :: Float -- ^ scale factor for jump initial velocity
+    camReference :: V3 Float,
-  , hasJumped :: Bool -- ^ whether the camera still has jumping state
+    -- | velocity in world space
-  , airTime :: Float -- ^ time since jumping state entered in seconds
+    camVel :: V3 Float,
-  } deriving (Show)
+    -- | scale factor for mouse movement
+    mouseSensitivity :: Float,
+    -- | scale factor for strafe
+    strafeStrength :: Float,
+    -- | scale factor for jump initial velocity
+    jumpStrength :: Float,
+    -- | whether the camera still has jumping state
+    hasJumped :: Bool,
+    -- | time since jumping state entered in seconds
+    airTime :: Float
+  }
+  deriving (Show)
 
 -- | smart constructor for Camera
 mkCamera ::
-     V3 Float
+  V4 Float ->
-  -> Float
+  Float ->
-  -> Float
+  Float ->
-  -> V3 Float
+  V3 Float ->
-  -> V3 Float
+  V3 Float ->
-  -> Float
+  Float ->
-  -> Float
+  Float ->
-  -> Float
+  Float ->
-  -> Camera
+  Camera
 mkCamera camPos camPitch camYaw camReference camVel mouseSensitivity strafeStrength jumpStrength =
   Camera
     camPos
@@ -110,10 +131,14 @@ mkCamera camPos camPitch camYaw camReference camVel mouseSensitivity strafeStren
 
 -- | physical properties of the world
 data WorldProperties = WorldProperties
-  { g :: Float -- ^ gravity `g`
+  { -- | gravity `g`
-  , friction :: Float -- ^ scale factor for floor friction
+    g :: Float,
-  , up :: V3 Float -- ^ global up vector
+    -- | scale factor for floor friction
-  } deriving (Show)
+    friction :: Float,
+    -- | global up vector
+    up :: V3 Float
+  }
+  deriving (Show)
 
 -- | smart constructor for WorldProperties
 mkWorldProperties :: Float -> Float -> V3 Float -> WorldProperties

src/Main.hs

@@ -1,30 +1,29 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE DisambiguateRecordFields, NamedFieldPuns, OverloadedRecordDot #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE DisambiguateRecordFields #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedRecordDot #-}
 
-{- |
+-- |
- - Module      : Game
+-- - Module      : Game
- - Description : runs game
+-- - Description : runs game
- - Copyright   : 2025 Andromeda
+-- - Copyright   : 2025 Andromeda
- - License     : BSD 3-clause
+-- - License     : BSD 3-clause
- - Maintainer  : Matrix @Andromeda:tchncs.de
+-- - Maintainer  : Matrix @Andromeda:tchncs.de
- - Stability   : Experimental
+-- - Stability   : Experimental
- -}
 module Main
-  ( main
+  ( main,
-  ) where
+  )
-
+where
-import Game.Internal
-import Game.Internal.Types
 
 import Control.Lens ((^.))
 import Data.IORef (newIORef)
 import GHC.Float (double2Float)
-
+import Game.Internal
-import qualified Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL as GL
+import Game.Internal.Types
 import Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL (($=))
+import qualified Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL as GL
 import qualified Graphics.UI.GLFW as GLFW
-
+import Linear (V3 (..), V4 (..), (*^), _w, _xyz, _y)
 import qualified Linear as L
-import Linear (V3(..), _y)
 
 -- | Main function runs game
 main :: IO ()
@@ -37,6 +36,7 @@ main = do
   GLFW.windowHint $ GLFW.WindowHint'OpenGLProfile GLFW.OpenGLProfile'Core
   -- MSAA
   GLFW.windowHint $ GLFW.WindowHint'Samples $ Just 8
+  -- alpha
   -- create window
   monitor <- GLFW.getPrimaryMonitor
   Just window <- GLFW.createWindow 256 256 "hs-game" monitor Nothing
@@ -47,13 +47,22 @@ main = do
   GLFW.setKeyCallback window $ Just (keyPressed Nothing)
   GLFW.setCursorInputMode window GLFW.CursorInputMode'Hidden
   GLFW.setCursorPosCallback window $ Just (cursorPosHandler Nothing)
-  (objects, program) <- initResources
+  (object, program) <-
-    [ map (+ V3 a 0 0) cube | a <- take 100 [0,2..]]
+    initResources $
-  -- init model
+      concat
+        ( [hCube]
+            ++ [map (\v -> (V4 a 0 0 a) + (rotate4 0 1 (a * g90 / 24) v)) hCube | a <- take 1000 [0, 2 ..]]
+            ++ [map (\v -> (V4 a 2 0 a) + (rotate4 0 2 (a * g90 / 24) v)) hCube | a <- take 1000 [0, 2 ..]]
+            ++ [map (\v -> (V4 a 4 0 a) + (rotate4 0 3 (a * g90 / 24) v)) hCube | a <- take 1000 [0, 2 ..]]
+            ++ [map (\v -> (V4 a (-2) 0 a) + (rotate4 1 0 (a * g90 / 24) v)) hCube | a <- take 1000 [0, 2 ..]]
+            ++ [map (\v -> (V4 a (-4) 0 a) + (rotate4 2 0 (a * g90 / 24) v)) hCube | a <- take 1000 [0, 2 ..]]
+            ++ [map (\v -> (V4 a (-6) 0 a) + (rotate4 3 0 (a * g90 / 24) v)) hCube | a <- take 1000 [0, 2 ..]]
+        )
+
   let model =
         mkModel
           ( mkCamera
-             (V3 0 0 3) -- camPos
+              (V4 0 0 3 0) -- camPos
               0 -- pitch
               0 -- yaw
               (V3 0 0 (-1)) -- reference vector
@@ -62,7 +71,7 @@ main = do
               16 -- strafe strength
               12 -- jump strength
           )
-          objects
+          [object]
           program
           (mkWorldProperties 2 0.16 (V3 0 1 0))
   modelRef <- newIORef model
@@ -74,83 +83,150 @@ main = do
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- Arrays
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-top :: [V3 GL.GLfloat]
-top =
-  [ V3 p 0 p
-  , V3 p 0 m
-  , V3 m 0 p
-  , V3 m 0 m
-  ]
-side :: [V3 GL.GLfloat]
-side =
-  [ V3 0 p p
-  , V3 0 p m
-  , V3 0 m p
-  , V3 0 m m
-  ]
-front :: [V3 GL.GLfloat]
-front =
-  [ V3 p p 0
-  , V3 p m 0
-  , V3 m p 0
-  , V3 m m 0
-  ]
 
 m = (0 - p)
+
 p = 0.5
 
--- TODO optimise cube
+g90 = pi / 2
--- | cube vertices
+
+v3tov4 :: GL.GLfloat -> V3 GL.GLfloat -> V4 GL.GLfloat
+v3tov4 w (V3 x y z) = V4 x y z w
+
+v3tov4' :: GL.GLfloat -> V3 GL.GLfloat -> V4 GL.GLfloat
+v3tov4' w (V3 x y z) = V4 x y w z
+
+v3tov4'' :: GL.GLfloat -> V3 GL.GLfloat -> V4 GL.GLfloat
+v3tov4'' w (V3 x y z) = V4 x w y z
+
+v3tov4''' :: GL.GLfloat -> V3 GL.GLfloat -> V4 GL.GLfloat
+v3tov4''' w (V3 x y z) = V4 w x y z
+
+rotate :: V3 GL.GLfloat -> GL.GLfloat -> V3 GL.GLfloat -> V3 GL.GLfloat
+rotate axis angle point = L.fromQuaternion (L.axisAngle axis angle) L.!* point
+
+rotate4 :: Int -> Int -> GL.GLfloat -> V4 GL.GLfloat -> V4 GL.GLfloat
+rotate4 i0 i1 angle (V4 x y z w) =
+  let coords = [x, y, z, w]
+      cos' = cos angle
+      sin' = sin angle
+      xi = coords !! i0
+      xj = coords !! i1
+      coords' =
+        [ if k == i0
+            then cos' * xi - sin' * xj
+            else
+              if k == i1
+                then sin' * xi + cos' * xj
+                else coords !! k
+        | k <- [0 .. 3]
+        ]
+   in V4 (coords' !! 0) (coords' !! 1) (coords' !! 2) (coords' !! 3)
+
+cycle3r :: V3 GL.GLfloat -> V3 GL.GLfloat
+cycle3r (V3 a b c) = V3 c a b
+
+cycle3l :: V3 GL.GLfloat -> V3 GL.GLfloat
+cycle3l (V3 a b c) = V3 b c a
+
+face :: [V3 GL.GLfloat]
+face =
+  [ V3 m m 0,
+    V3 p m 0,
+    V3 m p 0,
+    V3 m p 0,
+    V3 p m 0,
+    V3 p p 0
+  ]
+
+-- | cube, side length 1, centered on 0 0 0
 cube :: [V3 GL.GLfloat]
 cube =
-  [ V3 p p p -- front
+  concatMap
-  , V3 p m p
+    ( \faceSpec ->
-  , V3 m p p
+        map
-  , V3 m m p -- down
+          (\v -> (rotate (fst faceSpec) g90 v) L.^+^ (rotate (fst faceSpec) g90 (snd faceSpec)))
-  , V3 m m m
+          face
-  , V3 p m p
+    )
-  , V3 p m m -- right
+    [ (V3 0 0 1, V3 0 0 p),
-  , V3 p p m
+      (V3 0 1 0, V3 0 0 p),
-  , V3 p m p
+      (V3 1 0 0, V3 0 0 p),
-  , V3 p p p -- up
+      (V3 0 0 (-1), V3 0 0 m), -- no clue
-  , V3 m p p
+      (V3 0 (-1) 0, V3 0 0 p),
-  , V3 p p m
+      (V3 (-1) 0 0, V3 0 0 p)
-  , V3 m p m -- back
+    ]
-  , V3 p m m
+
-  , V3 p p m
+hCube :: [V4 GL.GLfloat]
-  , V3 m m m -- left
+hCube =
-  , V3 m p m
+  concatMap
-  , V3 m m p
+    ( \(w, i0, i1) ->
-  , V3 m p p
+        map
+          (rotate4 i0 i1 g90 . v3tov4 w)
+          cube
+    )
+    [ (p, 3, 0),
+      (p, 0, 3),
+      (p, 1, 3),
+      (p, 2, 3),
+      (m, 3, 0),
+      (m, 0, 3),
+      (m, 1, 3),
+      (m, 2, 3)
     ]
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- Elm-like data structures
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 -- | update function
 update :: Float -> Model -> Model
 update dt model =
-  updateVelocity dt
+  updateW dt $
-  $ updateAcceleration dt
+    updateVelocity dt $
-  $ updateSpeed dt
+      updateAcceleration dt $
-  $ updateCameraAngle dt model
+        updateSpeed dt $
+          updateCameraAngle dt model
+
+updateW :: Float -> Model -> Model
+updateW dt model =
+  if elem GLFW.Key'R model.keys
+    then
+      model
+        { camera =
+            model.camera
+              { camPos = model.camera.camPos + (V4 0 0 0 (dt * dt * model.camera.strafeStrength))
+              }
+        }
+    else
+      if elem GLFW.Key'F model.keys
+        then
+          model
+            { camera =
+                model.camera
+                  { camPos = model.camera.camPos - (V4 0 0 0 (dt * dt * model.camera.strafeStrength))
+                  }
+            }
+        else model
 
 updateSpeed :: Float -> Model -> Model
 updateSpeed dt model =
-  if elem GLFW.Key'T model.keys then
+  if elem GLFW.Key'T model.keys
+    then
       model
         { camera =
             model.camera
-          { jumpStrength = model.camera.jumpStrength * 1.1
+              { jumpStrength = model.camera.jumpStrength * 1.1,
-          , strafeStrength = model.camera.strafeStrength * 1.1
+                strafeStrength = model.camera.strafeStrength * 1.1
               }
         }
-  else if elem GLFW.Key'G model.keys then
+    else
+      if elem GLFW.Key'G model.keys
+        then
           model
             { camera =
                 model.camera
-          { jumpStrength = model.camera.jumpStrength * 0.99
+                  { jumpStrength = model.camera.jumpStrength * 0.99,
-          , strafeStrength = model.camera.strafeStrength * 0.99
+                    strafeStrength = model.camera.strafeStrength * 0.99
                   }
             }
         else model
@@ -184,35 +260,39 @@ updateAcceleration dt model =
           then V3 0 (0 - model.wprop.g * model.camera.airTime) 0
           else V3 0 0 0
       camVel' = friction * (model.camera.camVel + movement' + jump)
-      aboveGround = (model.camera.camPos + dt L.*^ camVel') ^. _y > 0
+      aboveGround = ((model.camera.camPos ^. _xyz) + dt L.*^ camVel') ^. _y > 0
    in if (elem GLFW.Key'Space model.keys) && (model.camera.hasJumped == False)
-        then updateAcceleration dt
+        then
-               $ model
+          updateAcceleration dt $
+            model
               { camera =
                   model.camera
-                         { airTime = dt
+                    { airTime = dt,
-                         , camVel =
+                      camVel =
                         model.camera.camVel
-                               + (V3 0 model.camera.jumpStrength 0)
+                          + (V3 0 model.camera.jumpStrength 0),
-                         , hasJumped = True
+                      hasJumped = True
                     }
               }
-        else if aboveGround
+        else
-               then model
+          if aboveGround
+            then
+              model
                 { camera =
                     model.camera
-                            { airTime = model.camera.airTime + dt
+                      { airTime = model.camera.airTime + dt,
-                            , camVel = camVel'
+                        camVel = camVel',
-                            , hasJumped = aboveGround
+                        hasJumped = aboveGround
                       }
                 }
-               else model
+            else
+              model
                 { camera =
                     model.camera
-                            { airTime = 0
+                      { airTime = 0,
-                            , camVel = camVel' * (V3 1 0 1)
+                        camVel = camVel' * (V3 1 0 1),
-                            , camPos = model.camera.camPos * (V3 1 0 1)
+                        camPos = model.camera.camPos * (V4 1 0 1 1),
-                            , hasJumped = aboveGround
+                        hasJumped = aboveGround
                       }
                 }
 
@@ -221,7 +301,8 @@ updateVelocity dt model =
   model
     { camera =
         model.camera
-          {camPos = model.camera.camPos + dt L.*^ model.camera.camVel}
+          { camPos = V4 1 1 1 (model.camera.camPos ^. _w) * (L.point $ (model.camera.camPos ^. _xyz) + dt L.*^ model.camera.camVel)
+          }
     }
 
 updateCameraAngle :: Float -> Model -> Model
@@ -242,8 +323,8 @@ updateCameraAngle dt model =
         model.camera.camYaw
           + scaleFactor * (double2Float $ fst model.cursorDeltaPos)
    in model
-        { cursorDeltaPos = (0, 0)
+        { cursorDeltaPos = (0, 0),
-        , camera = model.camera {camPitch = newPitch'', camYaw = newYaw}
+          camera = model.camera {camPitch = newPitch'', camYaw = newYaw}
         }
 
 -- | views the model
@@ -263,21 +344,37 @@ view window model = do
       forward = V3 (cos pitch * sin yaw) (sin pitch) (cos pitch * cos yaw)
       viewMatrix =
         L.lookAt
-          model.camera.camPos
+          (model.camera.camPos ^. _xyz)
-          (model.camera.camPos - forward)
+          ((model.camera.camPos ^. _xyz) - forward)
           model.wprop.up
       projectionMatrix =
         L.perspective 1.2 (fromIntegral w / fromIntegral h) 0.01 1000
+
   viewGLMatrix <-
-    GL.newMatrix GL.RowMajor $ toGLMatrix viewMatrix :: IO
+    GL.newMatrix GL.RowMajor $ toGLMatrix viewMatrix ::
+      IO
         (GL.GLmatrix GL.GLfloat)
+
+  -- load 3d view matrix
   viewLocation <- GL.get $ GL.uniformLocation model.program "u_view"
   GL.uniform viewLocation $= viewGLMatrix
+
   projectionGLMatrix <-
-    GL.newMatrix GL.RowMajor $ toGLMatrix projectionMatrix :: IO
+    GL.newMatrix GL.RowMajor $ toGLMatrix projectionMatrix ::
+      IO
         (GL.GLmatrix GL.GLfloat)
+
+  -- load 3d projection matrix
   projectionLocation <- GL.get $ GL.uniformLocation model.program "u_projection"
   GL.uniform projectionLocation $= projectionGLMatrix
+
+  let camx = (\(V4 x _ _ _) -> x) model.camera.camPos
+      camy = (\(V4 _ y _ _) -> y) model.camera.camPos
+      camz = (\(V4 _ _ z _) -> z) model.camera.camPos
+      camw = (\(V4 _ _ _ w) -> w) model.camera.camPos
+  camWLocation <- GL.get $ GL.uniformLocation model.program "u_cam"
+  GL.uniform camWLocation $= GL.Vector4 camx camy camz camw
+
   -- draw objects; returns IO []
   _ <- drawObjects model.objects
   -- swap to current buffer